She
was born in
Munich
on December 24, 1837,
Bavaria.
Elisabeth accompanied her mother and her 18-year-old sister,
Helene,
on a trip to the resort of
Bad Ischl,
Upper Austria,
where they hoped Helene would attract the attention of their cousin, 23-year-old
Franz Joseph,
then Emperor of Austria. Instead, Franz Joseph chose Elisabeth, and the couple
were married in
Vienna
at
St. Augustine's
Church on
April 24,
1854.
Elisabeth later wrote that she regretted accepting his proposal for the rest of
her life.Elisabeth had difficulty adapting to the strict etiquette
practiced at the Habsburg court. Nevertheless she bore the Emperor three
children in quick succession: Archduchess Sophie of Austria (1855–1857),
Archduchess Gisela of Austria (1856–1932), and the hoped-for crown prince,
Rudolf (1858–1889). In 1860 she left Vienna after contracting a lung-disease
which was presumably psychosomatic. She spent the winter in Madeira and only
returned to Vienna after having visited the Ionian Islands. Soon after that she
fell ill again and returned to Korfu. After that Elisabeth began to use her
beauty to gain influence on her husband. She achieved her only political goal
whereby in 1867 she and Franz Joseph were crowned King and Queen of Hungary, and
ten months later, another child Archduchess Marie Valerie of Austria (1868–1924)
followed. Elisabeth was denied any major influence on her older children's
upbringing, however — they were raised by her mother-in-law Sophie, who often
referred to Elizabeth as their "silly young mother." Soon after Marie Valerie's
birth the marriage again started to deteriorate, undone by Elisabeth's
increasingly erratic behaviour. To ease her pain and illnesses, Elisabeth
embarked on a life of travel, seeing very little of her offspring, visiting
places such as Madeira, Hungary, England, and Corfu, where she commissioned the
building of a castle which she called Achilleion — after her death the building
was sold to the German Emperor Wilhelm II. She not only became known for her
beauty, but also for her fashion sense, diet and exercise regimens, passion for
riding sports, and a series of reputed lovers. She paid extreme attention to her
appearance and would spend most of her time preserving her beauty. Her diet and
exercise regimens were strictly enforced to maintain her 20-inch (50 cm)
waistline and reduced her to near emaciation at times (symptoms of what is now
recognised as anorexia). One of the few things she would eat was raw veal meat
juice, squeezed from her juice press, then boiled and seasoned. Some of her
alleged lovers included George "Bay" Middleton, a dashing Anglo–Scot who was
probably the father of Clementine Ogilvy Hozier (Mrs. Winston Churchill). She
also tolerated, to a certain degree, Franz Joseph's affair with actress
Katharina Schratt. National unrest within the Habsburg monarchy caused by the
rebellious Hungarians led, in 1867, to the foundation of the Austro–Hungarian
double monarchy, making Elisabeth Empress of Austria and Queen of Hungary.
Elisabeth had always sympathised with the Hungarian cause and, reconciled and
reunited with her alienated husband, she joined Franz Joseph in Budapest, where
their coronation took place. In due course, their fourth child, Archduchess
Marie Valerie was born (1868–1924). Afterwards, however, she again took up her
former life of restlessly travelling through Europe. The Empress also engaged in
writing poetry (such as the "Nordseelieder" and "Winterlieder", both
inspirations from her favorite German poet, Heinrich Heine). Shaping her own
fantasy world in poetry, she referred to herself as Titania, Shakespeare's Fairy
Queen. Most of her poetry refers to her journeys, classical Greek and romantic
themes, as well as ironic mockery on the Habsburg dynasty. In these years,
Elisabeth also took up with an intensive study of both ancient and modern Greek,
drowning in Homer's Iliad and Odyssey. Numerous Greek lecturers (such as
Marinaky, Christomanos, and Barker) had to accompany the Empress on her
hour-long walks while reading Greek to her. According to contemporary scholars,
Empress Elisabeth knew Greek better than any of the Bavarian Greek Queens in the
19th century.
In
1889, Elisabeth's life was shattered by the death of her only son: 30-year-old
Crown Prince Rudolf and his young lover Baroness Mary Vetsera were found dead,
apparently by suicide. The scandal is known by the name Mayerling, after the
name of Rudolf's hunting lodge in Lower Austria. After Rudolf's death, the
Empress continued to be an icon, a sensation wherever she went: a long black
gown that could be buttoned up at the bottom, a white parasol made of leather
and a brown fan to hide her face from curious looks became the trademarks of the
legendary Empress of Austria. Only a few snapshots of Elisabeth in her last
years are left, taken by photographers who were lucky enough to catch her
without her noticing. The moments Elisabeth would show up in Vienna and see her
husband were rare. Interestingly, their correspondence increased during those
last years and the relationship between the Empress and the Emperor of Austria
had become platonic and warm. On her imperial steamer, Miramar, Empress
Elisabeth travelled restlessly through the Mediterranean. Her favourite places
were Cap Martin on the French Riviera, where tourism had only started in the
second half of the 19th century, Lake Geneva in Switzerland, Bad Ischl in
Austria, where she would spend her summers, and Corfu. More than that, the
Empress had visited countries no other Northern royal went to at the time:
Portugal, Spain, Morocco, Algeria, Malta, Greece, Turkey and Egypt. Travel had
become the sense of her life but also an escape from herself.
Assassination
On September 10, 1898, in Geneva,
Switzerland, Elisabeth, aged 60, was stabbed in the heart with a nail file by a
young anarchist named Luigi Lucheni, in an act of propaganda of the deed. She
had been walking along the promenade of Lake Geneva about to board a steamship
for Montreux with her lady-of-courtesy, Countess Sztaray. Unaware of the
severity of her condition she still boarded the ship. Bleeding to death from a
puncture wound to the heart, Elisabeth's last words were "What happened to me?"
The strong pressure from her corset kept the bleeding back until the corset was
removed. Only then did her staff and surrounding onlookers understand the
severity of the situation. Reportedly, her assassin had hoped to kill a prince
from the House of Orléans and, failing to find him, turned on Elisabeth instead.
As Lucheni afterward said, "I wanted to kill a royal. It did not matter which
one." The empress was buried in the Imperial Crypt in Vienna's city centre which
has for centuries served as the Imperial burial place.
The myth
While Elisabeth's
role and influence on Austro-Hungarian politics should not be overestimated (she
is only marginally mentioned in scholarly books on Austrian history), she has
undoubtedly become a 20th century icon, often compared to Diana, Princess of
Wales. She was considered to be a free spirit who abhorred conventional court
protocol. She has inspired filmmakers and theatrical producers alike.
In the 1980s, Brigitte Hamann, a historian renowned for her book on Hitler's
early years in Vienna (see bibliography), wrote a biography of Elisabeth, again
fuelling interest in Franz Joseph's consort.
Tourism has profited enormously from the renewed interest in Elisabeth and vice
versa, both in Austria and abroad. Apart from the usual souvenirs such as
T-shirts and coffee mugs, visitors are eager to see the various residences
Elisabeth frequented at different points in her life. These include her
apartments in the Hofburg and the Schönbrunn Palace in Vienna, the imperial
villa in Ischl, the Achilleion in Corfu, Greece that she built in 1890, soon
after her son's tragic death, and her summer residence in Gödöllő, Hungary.
Elisabeth loved Hungary far more than Austria and surrounded herself with
Hungarian ladies-in-waiting, being particularly close to Marie Festetics and Ida
Ferenczy. She insisted that her attendants speak Hungarian, which she herself
spoke fluently. One of her closest friends was Count Andrássy who later became
Emperor Franz-Joseph's Foreign Minister. Elisabeth's attachment to Hungary
benefitted the Empire because the Hungarian people returned the attachment. They
considered her the only Habsburg they trusted. Her flagrant and well-known
preference for Hungary mollified the Hungarians while antagonizing the Viennese,
who were seething with resentment over Habsburg arrogance, and solidified the
Empire. There are several sites in Hungary named after her, most famously the
Erzsébet híd (Elisabeth Bridge) in Budapest.